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OBJECTIVE：To investigate the contents of 5 kinds of heavy metal as copper （Cu），arsenic（As），cadmium （Cd），mercury（Hg）and lead （Pb）in Yougui pills ，and to evaluate its safety risk. METHODS ：Using yttrium （89Y），indium （115In）and bismuth （209bi）as internal standard ，the contents of each element were determined by ICP-MS. ICP-MS condition included that atomization gas flow rate was 0.95 L/min，auxiliary gas flow rate was 1.2 L/min，plasma gas （argon）flow rate was 18 L/min，pump speed was 30 r/min. RF power of inductively coupled plasma was 1 200 W，the voltage in simulation stage was 1 750 V，the voltage in pulse stage was 1 300 V，the voltage of deflection device was －12 V，and the detector was in analog and pulse dual-mode. The determination methods of various elements were investigated ，and 45 batches of marketed Yougui pills were determined. Hazard index （HI）was used to analyze the non-carcinogenic risk of each element and calculate the maximum residual limit（MRL）of each element. RESULTS ：The linear range of Cu ，As，Cd，Hg and Pb ranged from 10-200，1-50，0.4-30，0.2-6 and 2-100 μg/L（all r＞0.999 0），respectively. The limits of quantitation were 0.67，0.23，0.20，0.07，0.27 μg/L. The limits of detection were 0.20，0.07，0.06，0.02，0.08 μg/L. RSDs of precision，stability and reproducibility tests were all lower than 3.5％ （n＝6 or n＝5）. Average recoveries were 92.96％-100.89％（RSD＝2.23％-3.62％，n＝3）. Average contents of Cu ，As，Cd，Hg and Pb in 45 batches of Yougui pills were 2.72，0.28，0.07，0.05，0.62 mg/kg，and superimposed HI of each element was less than 1. The contents of 5 kinds of heavy metals in Yougui pills were lower than the proposed MRL （MRL of Cu ，As，Cd，Hg and Pb were 20，2，1，0.2，5 mg/kg or 111.11，4.44，2.22，1.48，8.89 mg/kg respectively ）. CONCLUSIONS ：Established method can be used for the determination of content of 5 kinds of heavy metal in Yougui pills ；the heavy metal pollution rate of marketed Yougui pills is low and the safety risk is small.
ABSTRACT
Objective@#The study aimed to determine the concentration of three heavy metals namely, lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) present in head, stomach and muscle parts of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticu) and Blackchin Tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron) collected from different sampling sites in South Bay area of Laguna Lake and evaluate its potential health risk for adult consumers. @*Methods@#Live samples of Nile Tilapia and Blackchin Tilapia were hand-collected from three sites of South Bay of Laguna Lake during wet season. Raw and boiled samples were prepared for analysis. Heavy metal concentrations (mg kg-1) were determined through flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The potential health risk posed by more than one metal was calculated using the Total Hazard Quotient (THQ). @*Results@#The heavy metal detected with the highest concentration was Pb, present in Nile Tilapia. The mean concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Cr in both fish samples were high in the head part. Boiled samples have significantly lower concentrations of heavy metal (p<0.05) compared to raw samples. THQ values for Cd in raw fish samples were higher than the recommended level of exposure (THQ < 1.0). @*Conclusion@#The study revealed that cadmium is of greater concern in terms of possible adverse health effects associated with heavy metal bioaccumulation. However, the presence of other metals may further increase the risk of non-carcinogenic adverse effects. The lower health risk is predicted for boiled fish samples.
Subject(s)
Metals, Heavy , CichlidsABSTRACT
Crustaceans are known for their trace element bioaccumulation abilities. Muscle tissues of lagoon crab, marine crab, pink shrimp and mantis shrimp marketed for consumption in Nigeria were analyzed for Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Hg and Cr levels using standard methods. Muscle levels in mg kg-1 of Mn (0.03±0.00 in lagoon crab), Fe (0.072±0.01 in mantis shrimp), Cu (0.344±0.01 in lagoon crab) and Zn (0.073±0.00 in mantis shrimp) were significantly different (p Cu > Zn > Fe > Mn > Cr. Lagoon crab showed the highest total hazard index among the organisms with 44.80 %, while the least was observed in mantis shrimp with 13.30 %. It is concluded that, as far as human health is concerned, the mean elemental levels in the muscle tissues of the organisms examined pose no danger (THQ < 1).
Subject(s)
Animals , Food Supply , Bioaccumulation , Crustacea , Trace Elements/analysisABSTRACT
Objective@#The urine concentrations of phthalate metabolites were used to estimate the cumulative risk assessment in preschool children in Ma’anshan of Anhui province.@*Methods@#Based on the China-Anhui Birth Cohort, the demographic information and urine samples of 3 743 children were collected in Ma’anshan from April 2014 to April 2015. The concentrations of 7 metabolites’ [monomethyl phthalate (MMP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP), monobutyl phthalate (MBP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono (2-ethyl- 5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) and mono (2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP)] of 5 phthalates [dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), and di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)] in the urine samples of the children were measured by solid-phase extration-triple quadrupole high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-isotope method. In addition, the estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of 5 phthalates were calculated according to the metabolites’ concentrations. Cumulative risk assessment was performed using hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) methods.@*Results@#The M (QR) of seven metabolite concentrations were 29.58 (18.69-48.26), 26.65 (13.44-56.09), 256.86 (150.99-438.51), 0.12 (0.04-0.32), 6.27 (3.71-11.13), 17.94 (11.94-28.42) and 24.80 (16.05-40.32) μg/g creatinine, respectively. For the EDIs of 5 phthalates, DBP ranked first, followed by DEHP, DMP, DEP and BBzP with the M (QR) of 7.54 (4.41-12.85), 3.35 (2.20-5.42), 0.75 (0.47-1.24), 0.71 (0.36-1.52) and 0.003 (0.001-0.009) μg/(kg·d), respectively. The HQ and HI varied with age, gender and sampling season, the differences were significant (P<0.05).@*Conclusions@#These results indicated that risk of cumulative exposure to phthalates was high in preschool children aged 3-6 years in Ma’anshan. Age, gender and sampling season were influencing factors.
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@#The purpose of this study was to determine aluminium (Al) concentrations in groundwater used for drinking and cooking and its related health risk among population of 28th Mile Orang Asli village in Jenderam Hilir, Selangor, Malaysia. A total of 100 respondents were recruited, comprising 51 (51.0 %) male and 49 (49.0 %) female residents. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine Al concentration, while the LAMOTTE TRACER ORP PockeTester was used to measure pH levels. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used to analyze the data. Results showed that Al concentration ranged from 0.041 - 0.136 mg/L with a mean of 0.136 + SD 0.041 mg/L, hence the values obtained were below the standard value (0.2 mg/L). pH levels ranged from 3.82 to 5.84, with a mean of 4.163 + SD 0.411, which is acidic and below the range permitted by the health authorities. The acidic nature may have an impact on the Al concentration in the water. The Hazard Index (HI) was found to be less than 1, thus there was no health risk of Al exposure in drinking water for the respondents involved. The study area was considered safe from having health risk associated with Al exposure.
Subject(s)
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Drinking Water , GroundwaterABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to determine aluminium (Al) concentrations in groundwater used for drinking and cooking and its related health risk among population of 28th Mile Orang Asli village in Jenderam Hilir, Selangor, Malaysia. A total of 100 respondents were recruited, comprising 51 (51.0 %) male and 49 (49.0 %) female residents. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine Al concentration, while the LAMOTTE TRACER ORP PockeTester was used to measure pH levels. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used to analyze the data. Results showed that Al concentration ranged from 0.041 - 0.136 mg/L with a mean of 0.136 + SD 0.041 mg/L, hence the values obtained were below the standard value (0.2 mg/L). pH levels ranged from 3.82 to 5.84, with a mean of 4.163 + SD 0.411, which is acidic and below the range permitted by the health authorities. The acidic nature may have an impact on the Al concentration in the water. The Hazard Index (HI) was found to be less than 1, thus there was no health risk of Al exposure in drinking water for the respondents involved. The study area was considered safe from having health risk associated with Al exposure.
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Radioactivity measurements were carried out in and around Warri Refining and Petrochemical Company in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria for the naturally occurring radionuclides of 40K, 238U and 232Th. The values were used to determine the excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) and the radiation health hazard indices. Results show that the ELCR value within the company premises is 0.12×10-3 while the highest value was 0.17×10-3 from Ugborikoko Community. The internal health hazard index ranged from 0.02 – to 0.64 and the external health hazard index ranged from 0.02 – 0.33. All these values were less than the world permissible standards. It could be concluded that the potential carcinogenic risk from gamma radiation doses to the population in and around the refining and petrochemical company is low.
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The characteristics of pesticide residues were examined in 18,069 samples from 91 vegetable commodities collected in Seoul from 2007 to 2009, and the vegetable dietary intakes of Seoulites were estimated using the Korea National Health and Nutrition examination survey data from 2008. The hazard index was calculated using vegetable pesticide residues and dietary vegetable intake by Seoulites. Detection rates for pesticide residues in vegetables were 11.2 % in 2007, 8.6 % in 2008, and 12.0 % in 2009. Excess rate of Maximum Residue Limits tended to decline from 4.6 % in 2007, to 2.8 % in 2008, and 2.1 % in 2009. Daily vegetable intake for Seoulites was 288.12 +/- 214.8 g, and vegetable intake by males was more than that of females (p < 0.001). The hazard index was the highest at 2.76 x 10(-2) in 2007, and the lowest at 1.69 x 10(-2) in 2009. The risks caused by multiple pesticides in vegetables were very low and vegetable intake was safe considering the hazard index values.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Korea , Nutrition Surveys , Pesticide Residues , Pesticides , VegetablesABSTRACT
This study was conducted to assess the health risk on the volatile organic compounds such as toluene, xylene, and styrene in painting workplace. It was monitored through personal air sampling during working time in selected 5 workplaces and analysed using gas chromatography. For the settlement of exposure situation, there were regarded working conditions such as working hours, yearly working days, and working years. Also, Monte-Carlo simulation was used for the induction of hazard index using toxicity value from IRIS(Integrated risk information system) database. The results of risk assessment were summarized as follows : 1. The air concentration of toluene was 7.096+/-15.6 ppm, 2.586+/-4.2 ppm for xylene, 1.914+/-5.3 ppm for styrene in blast painting workplaces. The level of toluene was different significantly compared with the level of xylene and styrene. 2. Computated chronic daily intake value of 95th percentile on toluene, xylene and styrene treated by Monte-Carlo simulation were 9.616, 3.567, 2.782 mg/kg/day, respectively. 3. Computated hazard index value of 75th percentile on toluene, xylene and styrene treated by Monte-Carlo simulation were 3.5, 1.0 and 1.6, respectively. Adverse health effects on the toluene, xylene and styrene would be expected by working exposure in blast painting workplace since the hazard indices of three compounds were exceeded 1 in the surroundings of percenitile 75 through having the low emerged frequency